Chat with us, powered by LiveChat Does the struggle for freedom still exist today for African Americans? If so, how? - NursingEssays

Does the struggle for freedom still exist today for African Americans? If so, how?

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 Does the struggle for freedom still exist today for African Americans? If so, how? 

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER i

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OUR LIVES AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER

WEST HILLS COLLEGE LEMOORE

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER ii

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CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Guadalupe Capozzi Silas Cha Daryl Johnson

EDITOR Neomi Daniels CONTENT REVIEWERS Katie Conklin Greg Kennedy Rene Paredes Jacqui Shehorn Kelsey Smith COVER IMAGE Image by Jackson David, Pexels is licensed under CC BY 4.0 COPYRIGHT Produced and distributed under a Creative Commons License in June 2022. “Our Lives: An Ethnic Studies Primer” by Vera Kennedy and Rowena Bermio is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. The contents of this book were developed under an Open Textbooks Pilot grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education. However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER iii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Module 1. The Significance of Ethnic Studies……………………………………………………………………. 1

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Key Terms & Concepts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

Application 1.1 Acknowledging Indigenous People’s Land …………………………………………………………. 3

Understanding Race………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

Application 1.2 Breaking the Illusion of Skin Color ……………………………………………………………………. 4

Race-Ethnic Relations Today………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6

Application 1.3 Leadership Development through Intergroup Dialogue ……………………………………… 8

Race-Ethnic Group Perceptions ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8

Explanations of Racial Inequalities ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 10

Table 1. Structural Factors of Social Position & Intergroup Relations ……………………………………….. 11

Application 1.4 Intergroup Dialogue & Social Change ……………………………………………………………… 13

Application 1.5 Social Distancing by Race & Ethnicity ……………………………………………………………… 15

Reality of Inequality ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16

Table 2. Indicators of Racial Ethnic Inequality in the United States ………………………………………….. 16

Table 3. Indicators of Racial Ethnic Inequality in the United States ………………………………………….. 16

Application 1.6 Housing Discrimination …………………………………………………………………………………. 18

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18

Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19

Module 2. Our Power & Identity …………………………………………………………………………………… 21

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21

Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22

Collective Culture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22

Social & Cultural Bonds ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23

Biographical Reflection 2.1 When Did You Become Black? ………………………………………………………. 25

Levels of Culture ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER iv

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Groups & Organizations ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26

Application 2.1 Your Regional Culture …………………………………………………………………………………… 27

Doing Culture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29

Identity Formation & Politics ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30

Intersectionality …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31

Application 2.2 The Privilege & Oppression of Intersectionality ……………………………………………….. 32

Globalization & Identity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33

Identity Today ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34

Cultural Change & Adaptation …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35

Othering & Belonging ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36

Biographical Reflection 2.2 One Times Three Equals One ………………………………………………………… 38

Application 2.3 The Meaning & Impact of Your Story ……………………………………………………………… 39

Application 2.4 Privilege & Life Chances ………………………………………………………………………………… 40

Biographical Reflection 2.3 Single Mother Gets a Bad Rap ………………………………………………………. 41

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41

Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42

Module 3. Our Story: Native Americans …………………………………………………………………………. 45

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45

Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas …………………………………………………………………………………………. 46

Contact & Conflict with the “Old World” …………………………………………………………………………………… 46

English Colonial Period ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47

Westward Expansion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49

Application 3.1 Shifting Perspective: Cherokee Indians …………………………………………………………… 50

The 20th Century …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53

Application 3.2 Shifting Perspective: Alcatraz Proclamation …………………………………………………….. 54

Application 3.3 Our Fires Still Burn ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 55

The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER v

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Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56

Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57

Module 4. Our Story: African Americans ………………………………………………………………………… 58

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58

Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59

Colonial Period to Reconstruction ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 59

Application 4.1 Shifting Perspective: Benjamin Banneker ………………………………………………………… 62

Application 4.2 Shifting Perspective: Justifying Slavery ……………………………………………………………. 64

1877 to WWII ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67

Application 4.3 Shifting Perspective: What is Race? ……………………………………………………………….. 69

Civil Rights Movement of the 60s & 70s ……………………………………………………………………………………. 71

Application 4.4 Shifting Perspective: Letter from Birmingham …………………………………………………. 72

The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73

Biographical Reflection 4.1 A Proud American, or a Proud African American? …………………………… 74

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75

Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75

Module 5. Our Story: Asian Americans ………………………………………………………………………….. 77

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77

Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77

Mid 1800s to early 20th Century ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78

Global Conflicts & the 20th Century ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82

Application 5.1 Shifting Perspective: Self-Determination ………………………………………………………… 82

Application 5.2 Shifting Perspective: Japanese Internment ……………………………………………………… 83

New Immigrants & Expansion of Diversity …………………………………………………………………………………. 83

The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85

Biographical Reflection 5.1 Southeast Asian Refugees…………………………………………………………….. 86

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER vi

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Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88

Module 6. Our Story: Latinx Americans …………………………………………………………………………. 90

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 90

Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90

Indigenous People’s & Colonization …………………………………………………………………………………………. 91

Westward Expansion & Warfare ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 92

Labor & Civil Rights ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96

Application 6.1 Shifting Perspective: Zoot Suit Riots ……………………………………………………………….. 97

Application 6.2 Shifting Perspective: Labor & the Struggle of Migrant Farm Workers …………………. 99

The Recent Past ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100

Biographical Reflection 6.1 A Little Goes a Long Way ……………………………………………………………. 101

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101

Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102

References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 102

Module 7. Our Divisions ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 103

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103

Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103

Cultural Hierarchies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 104

Prejudice ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104

Biographical Reflection 7.1 New Home and Race Relations ……………………………………………………. 105

Application 7.1 The Thinking Behind Prejudice …………………………………………………………………….. 109

Biographical Reflection 7.2 This is Not an Altercation ……………………………………………………………. 110

Application 7.2 The Affect of Implicit Bias ……………………………………………………………………………. 114

Racism & Exploitation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 114

Application 7.3 Little Acts of Discrimination …………………………………………………………………………. 115

Application 7.4 Recognizing White Privilege ……………………………………………………………………….. 116

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER vii

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Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117

Application 7.5 Visual Ethnography Part 1 …………………………………………………………………………… 118

Application 7.6 Visual Ethnography Part 2 …………………………………………………………………………… 119

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 119

Module 8. Our Way Forward …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 123

Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 123

Key Terms & Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 123

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124

Racial & Social Justice ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124

Biographical Reflection 8.1 The Blue Mornings …………………………………………………………………….. 125

Reducing Prejudice …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 128

Biographical Reflection 8.2 My Turn, Why Ending Prejudice Is Not a Hopeless Cause ……………….. 130

Building Community ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 132

Table 4. Anti-Racist & Anti-Colonial Practices ………………………………………………………………………. 132

Cultural Intelligence ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132

Biographical Reflection 8.3 Religious & Cultural Conflict ……………………………………………………….. 134

Application 8.1 Cultural Intelligence Resources ……………………………………………………………………. 136

Conflict Resolution Strategies & Practices ……………………………………………………………………………. 137

Table 5. Five Modes of Resolving Conflict ……………………………………………………………………………. 138

Application 8.2 Conflict Reduction In Action ………………………………………………………………………… 139

Table 6. Conflict Reduction Techniques ………………………………………………………………………………. 140

Truth Telling & Social Discourse …………………………………………………………………………………………. 140

Table 7. Types of Ignorance ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 141

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142

Review Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 142

To My Future Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 142

Application 8.3Fostering Connections …………………………………………………………………………………. 143

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 144

OUR LIVES: AN ETHNIC STUDIES PRIMER viii

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